If you were born outside of the U.S., did you acquire US citizenship through parents or grandparents?
If you were born abroad to U.S. citizen parents, you probably are a U.S. citizen. However, you need to get some paperwork to prove this.
What if you were born abroad and only one of your parents was a U.S. citizen at the time? That’s a little trickier. How do you determine if you “acquired” U.S. citizenship at birth through a parent, or if you “derived” citizenship as a minor through your parent(s)?
We attempt to simplify the complex laws regarding acquisition and derivation of US citizenship through parents and grandparents so that they are understandable to non-lawyers.
There are 4 US Citizenship Charts that attorneys use to assist them in such cases. These charts are difficult to find on the USCIS website so we replicate them here so that you can use them to begin your research.
Derivative citizenship laws are one of the most complex areas of immigration law, and Congress has amended these laws multiple times. Fortunately, Attorney Shusterman spent several years as an INS Citizenship Attorney in the 1970s adjudicating N-600 derivative citizenship applications. This experience proved invaluable. Since 1982, we have helped hundreds of clients obtain U.S. citizenship through their parents and grandparents.
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Some of these clients were in deportation proceedings, and would have been deported if we had not been able to prove that they were U.S. citizens even though they were born abroad.
There are multiple strategies for proving that you are a U.S. citizen even though you were not born in the U.S. You may want to apply for a U.S. passport, or alternately, you can apply for a Certificate of Citizenship from the USCIS using form N-600.
US Citizenship Through Parents or Grandparents contains the following topics:
- General Information
- USCIS Policy Manual
- US Citizenship Charts
- Success Stories
- Child Citizenship Act of 2000
- Doctrine of Constructive Retention
- Citizenship Through Parents: Additional Resources
GENERAL INFORMATION – US CITIZENSHIP THROUGH PARENTS
- Obtaining Citizenship Through Parents: A Step-by-Step Guide
- N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship Frequently Asked Questions (USCIS)
- Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship at Birth by a Child Born Abroad (State Department)
- Information for Parents on Citizenship on DNA Testing (State Department)
- USCIS Clarifies Guidance on Citizenship and Naturalization for Adopted Children (4-21-23)
- Assisted Reproductive Technology and In-Wedlock Determinations for Immigration and Citizenship Purposes (8-5-21)
- USCIS Issues Policy Guidance on “Residence” Requirements for Acquiring Citizenship (8-28-19)
- USCIS Expands the Definition of “Mother” and “Parent” to Include Gestational Mothers Using Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) (USCIS) (10-28-14)
- USCIS Policy Alert: Effect of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) on Immigration and Acquisition of Citizenship Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (USCIS) (10-28-14)
- Policy Guidance: Changes to Dates of Birth and Names on Certificates of Citizenship (USCIS) (6-17-14)
- Eligibility of Children Born out of Wedlock for Derivative Citizenship (USCIS) (9-26-03)
USCIS POLICY MANUAL
- USCIS Policy Manual, Chapter 1 – Purpose and Background
- USCIS Policy Manual, Chapter 2 – Definition of Child for Citizenship and Naturalization
- USCIS Policy Manual, Chapter 3 – United States Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309)
- USCIS Policy Manual, Chapter 4 – Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)
- USCIS Policy Manual, Chapter 5 – Child Residing Outside of the United States (INA 322)
US CITIZENSHIP CHARTS
- US Citizenship Chart #1 – Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship of Children Born Abroad in Wedlock
- US Citizenship Chart #2 – Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship of Children Born Abroad Out of Wedlock
- US Citizenship Chart #3 – Derivative Citizenship of Children
- US Citizenship Chart #4 – Section 322 Natural or Adoptive Child of a U.S. Citizen
SUCCESS STORIES – US CITIZENSHIP THROUGH PARENTS
- Obtaining Citizenship Through Parents, Grandparents & Great-Grandparents (Part I)
- Obtaining Citizenship Through Parents, Grandparents & Great-Grandparents (Part II)
- US Citizenship Through Your Parents
CHILD CITIZENSHIP ACT of 2000
- US Citizenship: Laws and Policies (State Department)
- The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 FAQ (State Department)
- Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship After Birth – Section 320 (USCIS Policy Manual)
- Child Residing Outside the U.S. – Section 322 (USCIS Policy Manual)
- Nguyen vs. INS Supreme Court Upholds Gender-Based Distinctions In Derivative Citizenship Law (6-11-01)
Doctrine of Constructive Retention
Unless there is direct evidence of an applicant’s awareness of his claim to U.S. citizenship, the government accepts an applicant’s credible and convincing statements of unawareness. Persons who learned of their possession of U.S. citizenship after reaching age 26 were held not to have forfeited their U.S. citizenship by failing to enter the United States before their 26th birthday to begin compliance with the retention requirements of former section 301(b) INA.
There was no requirement that such persons later enter the United States in order to keep their citizenship. An individual who was aware before age 26 that he or she was a U.S. citizen but assumed that such citizenship had been lost could claim unawareness as a defense against the operation of former section 301(b) INA.
- DEFENSES OF UNAWARENESS, IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE, CONSTRUCTIVE COMPLIANCE, AND OFFICIAL MISINFORMATION (8 FAM 307.2)
- Madar v. USCIS (3rd Circuit, 3-07-19)
- Tullius v. Albright (11th Circuit, 2-06-01)
- Drozd v. INS (2nd Circuit, 8-24-98)
- Runnett v. Shultz (9th Circuit, 4-20-90)
- Matter of Navarette – BIA (2-21-67)
US Citizenship Through Parents: Additional Resources
Decades of Immigration Experience Working for You
What Can We Help You With - Videos
Winning Your Case in Immigration Court
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Carl Shusterman
Carl Shusterman served as an INS Trial Attorney (1976-82) before opening a firm specializing exclusively in US immigration law. He is a Certified Specialist in Immigration Law who has testified as an expert witness before the US Senate Immigration Subcommittee. Carl was featured in the February 2018 edition of SuperLawyers Magazine.